A bulletproof vest, also known as a ballistic vest or body armor, is a type of protective clothing designed to absorb and reduce the impact of bullets and other projectiles to minimize injury to the wearer. These vests are commonly worn by military personnel, law enforcement officers, security guards, and individuals in high-risk professions where firearms may be encountered. Bulletproof vests are typically made of multiple layers of specialized materials, such as Kevlar®, Dyneema®, or other high-strength synthetic fibers. These materials are woven or layered together to create a strong and flexible barrier that can withstand the force of bullets. The effectiveness of a bulletproof vest depends on its design, the quality of materials used, and the specific threat level it is designed to protect against. Bulletproof vests are available in various levels of protection, which are typically categorized by the type of ammunition they can withstand. These levels are established by organizations like the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in the United States and range from Level IIA (designed to stop lower-velocity handgun rounds) to Level IV (designed to stop high-velocity rifle rounds). Higher-level vests offer greater protection but may also be heavier and less flexible. It’s important to note that while bulletproof vests can provide substantial protection against firearms, they are not entirely “bulletproof.” There are limitations to their effectiveness, and they may not protect against certain types of ammunition, close-range shots, or shots to unprotected areas of the body. Moreover, no protective gear can guarantee complete safety, and the effectiveness of a vest may degrade over time or with wear and tear. The use of bulletproof vests is an important safety measure for individuals facing potential firearm threats, and their design and technology continue to evolve to enhance protection while maintaining comfort and flexibility for the wearer.

The bulletproof plate is part of the high protection of body armor required to meet NIJ standard level III or IV. It means required to against rifle or high power bullets like 7.62x51mm NATO ball, 7.62x39mm AK47 MSC, 5.56x45mm SS109, .30 M2 AP, or similar. The soft armor vest always designed for handguns so, it required the bulletproof plate together. The bulletproof plate is rigid with the single or multi-curve. It calls a hard armor panel (HAP) or SAPI or ESAPI. And it always uses two pieces per body armor at the front and back to protect major organs of the body. To make one bulletproof plate, required to follow steps and it also suitable for making a bulletproof shield or armored vehicle panel. Step 1: Choose structure of bulletproof plate Regular has two structures of the bulletproof plate in the market today. One is pure PE and another is with ceramics. That has steel plate before but not use too much today because of too heavy. Pure PE only suitable for NIJ level III, III+ or RF1 up to RF2 plate The ceramic plate can use for all protect levels including level III up to IV / RF3 Step 2: Choose ceramic if required That has three types of ceramic canbe use in market today. >99% Alumina Oxide (Al2O3) Ceramic: weight ~3.9kg/mm, cheaper but heavy >85% Silicon Carbide (SiC) Ceramic: weight ~3.2kg/mm, competitive >85% Boron Carbide (B4C) Ceramic: weight ~2.2kg/mm, lightweight but expensive Alumina Oxide is a very low-cost solution today but silicon carbide is more welcome because of its lightweight. Boron carbide will be more use in future but its cost too high today. And for the ceramic, that has hexagon tiles, square tiles, or monolithic to choose from in the market. It is depending on the cost

The bulletproof fabric is made from high-strength UHMWPE fiber with a Uni-Directional (UD) structure. The high-strength UHMWPE fiber has good performance when against the impact of the high velocity of bullets and, the UD structure can transfers the power quickly than women fabric in a short time. Step 1: Choose UHMWPE fiber or Aramid Fiber That has much fiber that can make bulletproof fabric. The Aramid fiber and UHMWPE fiber is the popular fiber today in the world. The tenacity of aramid fiber has ~22cN/dtex and for the UHMWPE fiber, the tenacity over 36cN/dtex today, which has over 40% stronger than aramid fiber. The well known main difference between aramid and UHMWPE fiber are: UHMWPE fiber is stronger and lightweight than aramid fiber Aramid fiber can heat higher temperature up to 500 degrees For more information, please see What is Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Yarn? and What is Aramid Fiber? Step 2: Choose Uni-Directional (UD) or Woven Structure The Uni-Directional structure is the fiber layer as 0/90 or 0/90/0/90 or 0/90/0/90/0/90 or more times. All fiber has no cross. The UD structure has fast transfer when the fiber heat high power impact so, it is better than woven structure as we knew. The woven structure is classic plain or similar which is easy to make by weaving machines. for more information, please see what is a uni-directional (UD) structure? Step 3: Use Right Resin The resin is the main material except for the fiber. It is very important for high-performance bulletproof fabric. It cannot order directly from outsourcing so, it always develops by engineers. Step 4: Use Professional Machine It just needs one professional machine to make bulletproof fabric after decided fiber and structure. The machine can spread evenly fiber on special film and fix with resin and then, laminated each